ramirezi reproduction

Archives du blog 2011 (142) juin (4) juin 24 (1) . Le mâle frétille autour de la femelle et commence à creuser une cuvette dans le gravier. After a period of inactivity Isbrücker (2011) re-opened the issue and argued that Microgeophagus sensu Frey (1957) is actually the oldest available name for the genus, but this was definitively rejected by Kullander (2011) who published a detailed analysis of the different generic names that have been used for the species, the majority of which were derived from aquarium, rather than scientific, literature. The most popular color strains of A. Hongsloi are among the most colorful of all freshwater fish. Later molecular studies by Farias et al. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Female picture by Antonutti, M. . Eggs tend to be spoiled by fungal agents and inexperienced pairs often eat their eggs by mistake or stress. Young adult male; commercial 'long-fin' strain. When conditions deteriorate it becomes susceptible to a condition similar to that referred to as head and lateral line erosion or hole-in the-head in other species which initially manifests itself as small pits formed by eroding flesh around the head and lateral line pores. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 263... Callichthys callichthys and Hoplosternum littorale ( Callichthyidae ) , „ Apistogramma “ ramirezi and Aequidens portalegrensis ( Cichlidae ) . ... No information is at hand as regards food , behavior or reproduction . The majority of literature suggests that this species is restricted to the Venezuelan and Colombian llanos of the Río Orinoco drainage, although one of the specimens in our images is said to have been collected in the rio Purus, Brazil, an Amazon tributary located some distance from that watershed. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 281... 1988 ) Reproduction par gynogenèse et polyploïdisation Élevage Reproduction Espèces intensif naturelle par hypophy- par gynogesation nèse X x X en cours X X en cours X х X X х en cours Ampularia gigas Apistogramma ramirezi ... The best way to obtain a compatible pair is to buy a group of juvenile fish and allow them to be together and naturally pair. Ideal conditions for a ramirezi may not be ideal for the other members of the tank. Z. Zool. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 36... cichlids inhabit shallow , riparian areas with plants , dead wood , and fallen Below : From South America , the ram or butterfly dwarf cichlid ( Microgeophagus ramirezi ) . ... Reproduction : All species take care of their young . Multies are a special type of cichlid for many reasons. Wild fish may initially refuse the latter but normally learn to accept them over time. On the other hand, if they are going to be part of an already formed tank, make sure that the aquarium parameters are adjusted to their needs. Apistogramma Hongsloi (A 110 - A 115) are fairly robust dwarf cichlids from the tropical lowlands in the eastern parts of Columbia. Needs some hiding places. Substrate spawner which normally lays its eggs in crevices or cavities among the décor. Ram Cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) Category: . The species has been examined in studies on fish behaviour and is a popular aquarium fish, traded under a variety of common names, including ram, blue ram, German blue ram, Asian ram, butterfly cichlid, Ramirez's dwarf cichlid . They need really soft and acidic water for the eggs to hatch. Before focusing on the aquarium care of this species, it is useful to review its biological particularities in the wild. No representatives of Teleocichla or Mazarunia were included in the study but the former is well-established as sisterto Crenicichla while the latter has grouped closely with Dicrossus and Crenicara in earlier works. There seems to be no obvious reason for spawning to begin, although a good diet and full control over water quality is . <Cheers . Mikrogeophagus and a number of related genera are often included in the putative subfamily Geophaginae. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Studies are continuing, however, on the members of this family, particularly the haplochromine . Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae Larval dynamics Recruitment Abundance. One author holds the egg yolk in a cheese cloth and to squeeze in the water. Also add dried leaf litter to the bottom of the tank, as it will enchance the diet with plant matter. ' or 'ruby crown cichlid' and is arguably a better choice for less-experienced aquarists than its congener M. ramirezi. Meanwhile, males show a constant yellowish coloration in this area. 1) Une ponte plus difficile pour les particuliers que pour les professionnels: Etonnamment,la reproduction des ramirezis,et tout particulièrement la ponte semble plus dure à obtenir pour les particuliers que pour les professionnels.La raison la plus souvent évoquée,serait que les éleveurs emploieraient des hormones afin de déclencher des pontes. Abronia ramirezi CAMPBELL 1994 Abronia ramirezi — KÖHLER 2000: 39 Abronia ramirezi — CLAUSE et al. This is where breeding German Blue Rams can become a challenge, since breeding German Blue Rams is not always an easy task. The grouping has a confused taxonomic history with the correct placement and spelling of type species M. ramirezi a source of confusion for several decades prior to the publication of Kullander (2011). Type locality is ‘Orinoco system, Venezuela’. The Caño la Pica is a typical habitat in the llanos of the Río Apure system, Río Orinoco drainage, Venezuela. Adult male; commercial, and highly-deformed, 'balloon' strain. Once a pair bond is formed, a pH of 5.5 to 6.5 is the best for the adults, eggs, and fry. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Reproduction: Easy to breed. Cheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956; Hyphessobrycon cardinalis Myers & Weitzman, 1956. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 156Originaire d'Amérique du Sud , ce petit Cichlidés vit par couple jusqu'au moment de la reproduction . ... un couple - Nage en pleine eau et près du sol Mikrogeophagus Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Nannacara anomala - Ce cichlidé nain brillant ... The typical landscape is one full of grasses and scattered bodies of water, with some trees and forests separated from each other. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 95REPRODUCTION : La reproduction a lieu en couple . ... l'aquarium : nage au fond Volume du bac : 300 litres a Microgeophagus ramirezi Ramirezi BIOTOPE : Rives des fleuves , en particulier dans les entrelacs de branches ou de racines . The four different species of the ram cichlid are the German blue ram cichlid . Blue Ramirezi Balloon is very attractive Cichlid with intricate colouration. Adult female from the Danish aquarium trade. The males are about a third larger than the females. Paracheirodon: from the Greek para, meaning 'related to', and the generic name Cheirodon.. axelrodi: named for author, publisher of pet care books, and entrepreneur Herbert R. Axelrod. Mikrogeophagus therefore became widely-accepted following Kullander (1998), although a number of authors evidently did not agree. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi. Therefore, the minimum size of a tank to accommodate a couple should be 60 liters. Males usually reach 7 centimeters in length, while females are a modest 5.5 centimeters. Filtration, or at least water flow, should not be very strong and very large water changes are best avoided with regular changes of 10-15% recommended. Dec 20, 2017 - Ramirezi ( protect his baby behind Echinodorus ) and Corydoras Panda at feeding time.Juwel Rio 180, start on 12-02-2009 ( 2 december 2009 ) It lives in the wild in the clear and slow waters of rivers with thick vegetation and muddy grounds, but also in lakes with warmer and more turbid waters. These strains are entirely domestic and are the result of extensive line breeding. Kullander (1998) used Mikrogeophagus, a name he considered the oldest available based on its inclusion as a valid name in Jeg har akvarium, a Danish language aquarium book published in 1968, with Microgeophagus sensu Frey (1957) an unavailable nomen nudum lacking both a diagnosis and type species. 22 images available; click on one to open viewer. Otherwise, you are indirectly supporting the removal of animals from their natural environment for economic purposes. Adult males grow larger than females, possess slightly more-extended fins, and are more intensely-coloured. The survival or fry is probably improved with the lower pH. There does not appear to be any particular trigger for the spawning process with the main requirements being good diet and stringent maintenance regime. 4 Golden Balloon Ram Ciclhid. Both male and female participate equally in brood care. The ramirezi fish is one of the most beautiful and accessible cichlids in the aquarium world. The preferred habitat of A. ramirezi is forest at an altitude of 1,350 m (4,430 ft).. Reproduction. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 184Since Father's started breeding Ramirezi, Mother hardly sees him any more; His absent-minded eyes are getting hazy When he comes home from the local dealer's store. Mother's dilemma is that Father seems to be obsessed with ‹sh porn. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Female picture by Antonutti, M. . Female M. ramirezi temporarily display a pink-coloured belly, and . In general, however, they are not easy to care for, as they have quite specific requirements. Also I strongly encourage You to see Ivan Mikoljis video: “Natural aquarium”, which is about fish from Venezuela. (2005) who conducted the most detailed molecular analysis of the grouping to date including 16 of the 18 genera and 30 species. They do however still possess the red eyes just like other Ram species. Like all other cichlids, ramirezis form monogamous pairs once they reach sexual maturity and have specific courtship dynamics. Tag Filter: Show Versions. Typical specimen of the commercial 'gold' strain with odd physical proportions. It was described as a member of the genus Apistogramma but later affiliated with the name Microgeophagus in an aquarium book by Hans Frey (1957) who did not provide diagnostic characters and only suggested it might be placed into that genus in the future. German Blue Ram cichlids are also known as a dwarf cichlid. Once free-swimming they should be offered microworm, infusorian and other microscopic foods for the first 2-3 days after which larger foods such as Artemia nauplii can be introduced. Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae Larval dynamics Recruitment Abundance Once it is smooth, then add more water. It is a dwarf cichlid with a compressed and elongated body on its sides -fusiform silhouette-, although its general shape is a little more rounded and flattened when compared to other species. They are a suplement that will add vitamins to the diet. Adult male individual of the popular 'super neon blue gold' commercial strain. reproduction, we were interested in whether the ornament was a nuptial signal used in male mate choice. if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fishlists_com-leader-2-0')};When it comes to adding plants to the aquarium, the most experienced tutors usually opt for the Microsorum, Taxiphyllum, Cryptocoryne and Anubias genera. La reproduction "industrielle" de ce poisson le rend très sensible et diminue sa durée de vie. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 646... 89-000519 Parasites / Diseases 89-004371 Microgeophagus ramirezi Aquariums 89-005559 Courtship 89-005559 Spawning 89-005559 Micromesistius australis Fecundity 89-004068 Reproduction 89-004068 Micromes istius poutassou Abundance ... Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 240Species Displayer Description Reproduction Citations Crenicichla species F ( b ) ( about 175 species ) ... 1993 Crenicichla regani Ploeg Laetacara curviceps ( Ahl ) Mikrogeophagus ramirezi ( Myers & Harry ) Taeniacara candidi cavity ... The pair will begin to show a little more interest in one another by twirling and nudging each other, even at night. Balloon Ramirezi: its coloration pattern is similar to the wild type, but it has a much more flattened shape and reduced body length. The female is responsible for post-spawning care of eggs and fry. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 646... 89-004371 Microgeophagus ramirezi Aquariums 89-005559 Courtship 89-005559 Spawning 89-005559 Micromesistius australis Fecundity 89-004068 Reproduction 89-004068 Micromesistius poutassou Abundance / Factors of 89-006488 Commercial ... Feeding and mantenance: Ramirezi is essentially carnivore: feed in tablets, flakes, but also freeze-dried and frozen foods of animal origin, such as mosquito larvae or saline artemies brine shrimp nauplii. With the knowledge of the real ecosystem of M. ramirezi it is easier to estimate its care in captivity. The female can lay up to 200 eggs and the eggs hatch about 4 days later. Google Images. Espérance de vie. The blue ram cichlid is much smaller in the size as compared to the Bolivian ram and its growth is just 5 cm of the total length of its body. Today I noticed a difference in the rams: 1 of the 3 has a tiny little "fin" thingy at the front base of the anal fin. The good water quality can help, but good water might mean old water that has a lower pH since there is evidence that the hatch rate is improved with the lower pH range. Cichlid stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. The genus Mikrogeophagus currently contains just two recognised species. The Ram Cichlid is a beautiful fish that can easily become a treasure in your aquarium. Click on the following links to search for high quality live, frozen and dry food: To find other high quality, highly recommended foods click. Young German Blue Rams will most likely not get it right the first few times and some pairs spend most of their free time fighting: fluctuating lighting times may distort their breeding. There does not appear to be any particular trigger for the spawning process with the main requirements being good diet and stringent maintenance regime. Apistogramma agassizii est la star de ce deuxième tome consacré aux Cichlidés nains sud-américains ! Breeding wild-caught Mikrogeophagus ramirezi can be a bit more difficult. Therefore, if you want to breed two specimens, you should take them out of the community tank and place them in a special tank. Use flakes only once, or twice a week. Reproduction. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Female picture by Antonutti, M. . Mollies grow to a rather large size, so you should immediately buy a bigger house for it. The feeding of the small fry can be tricky. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 162Pour la reproduction , une température de 26 à 27 ° C. est nécessaire , mais , en temps ordinaire , l'espèce supporte sans dommage une eau de 21o . Taille : longueur 12 à 15 cm . ; hauteur du corps 12 à 13 cm ... ramirezi MYERS & HARRY 162. Make sure the parents are well fed. These can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry, while the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves aid in the simulation of natural conditions. Here are the minimum requirements for ramirezi fish in captivity. . ! It will breed in both slightly soft and acidic water condition. This species is considered “dwarf” compared to other cichlids, as an adult Oscar can easily reach 36 centimeters. Yellow Pterophyllum Scalare fish kissing underwater Horizontal composition color photography of close-up in selective focus of two yellow fish, they are kissing underwater near to some green plant. This bursting can be directed towards other Rams, especially competing males, females or pairs. Origine: Colombie, Venezuela (Amérique du Sud). The colors of the German Blue Rams intensify during spawning. Though they were discovered over 30 years later than their cousin the Bolivian Ram Mikrogeophagus altispinosus, they have been imported more regularly and are currently better known.Though both the Bolivian Ram and the Ram Cichlid are dwarfs, the Ram actually only reaches . This can be kept in a refrigerator up to a week for use as needed. Up to 500 eggs may be laid, and these will hatch within 48-72 hours. There are well-defined annual weather patterns with distinct wet and dry seasons and year-round high temperatures.if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-seriouslyfish_com-medrectangle-4-0')}; It is located to the north and west of the Río Orinoco and drained by many of the river’s tributaries. . The genus list is as per FishBase. En 1971, Axelrod describió el género Microgeophagus para clasificar al Ramirezi de Venezuela y Colombia, Microgeophagus ramirezi. Sponsored by . which may have a negative impact on reproduction, growth and immune functions, for . Venustus Cichlid (Nimbochromis venustus) also known as Giraffe Cichlid is a popular aquarium cichlid species. Getting multiple juveniles and letting them grow together often results in pair bonds. The specific name, ramirezi, is in honor of Mexican herpetologist Antonio Ramirez Velazquez.. Range, geographic variants and habitat This species should never be added to new or otherwise biologically immature aquaria. The average weight of a Ram Cichlid is 0.60-0.70 oz (17-20g). While undoubtedly of superior genetic stock wild fish are more demanding in terms of water conditions and diet and arguably suitable only for experienced aquarists, therefore it is difficult to recommend this species unless a reputable private breeder can be found. Trouvé à l'intérieurName: Dwarf Ram Cichlid Species Name: Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Summary Description: The Dwarf Cichlid known as the Ram Cichlid is one of a few more peaceful species of ... of breeding can become very aggressive to other fish species. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 535Papiliochromis ramirezi , chromatophores , animal morphology , chromatic behaviour , neurotransmitters , hromones 7689 . Paracalanus indicus , crustacean larvae ... Pelvetia wrightii , reproduction , gamete attracting substances 7305 . http://www.thefishwiki.net/w/index.php?title=Breeding_Mikrogeophagus_ramirezi&oldid=86504, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. They are social creatures that are best kept in pairs or even groups. Rival males of the neon/electric blue strain exhibiting territorial behaviour. Some pairs produce smaller fry. The German blue ram cichlid, or the Mikrogeophagus ramirezi, can have body weights of around 0.7 oz. . Along with the ramirezi, other famous cichlids are the discus (Symphysodon), the angelfish (Ptherophyllum) and the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). During the first days, the larvae do not need any food and remain at the bottom of the tank. Breeding / Mating / Reproduction: The eggs are laid on a pre-cleaned area or a depression they made in the substratum. Unlike other species, this fish has a neon blue body colouration with some orange shading rather than a mixture of different colours; their fins are also a neon blue colour. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi. Ideally, only one pair should be added to the aquarium, as this species is monogamous and males are very territorial with each other. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 162Pour la reproduction , une température de 26 à 27 ° C. est nécessaire , mais , en temps ordinaire , l'espèce supporte ... Citons parmi les plus connus les genres : Apistogramma avec les espèces suivantes : ramirezi MYERS & HARRY 162 CAR ... Común en el Comercio y originalmente ubicado en el género Apistogramma. The blue ram, Mikrogeophagus ramirezi, is a species of freshwater fish endemic to the Orinoco River basin, in the savannahs of Venezuela and Colombia in South America. Reproduction. <Possibly the genital papilla?> This ram and the dominate ram are the ones chasing each other/slapping sides together, while the 3rd hovers in the corner. Ramirezi's apistogram: history of changes. *Ramirezi et sa reproduction; Vous cherchez quelque chose? Mikrogeophagus spp. The ramirezi fish (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) is a freshwater species belonging to the cichlid family (Cichlidae), a taxon with an estimated 3000 different species, of which approximately 1650 have been described. Le Ramirezi (Microgeophagus ramirezi) Famille: Cichlidés. The ideal is to have a pair in all cases, since males can attack and make life impossible for each other. Ramirezi. The Yellow Lab Cichlid is a brightly colored mbuna from Lake Malawi. The tank for keeping the fish should be spacious. Provide the fish with a varied diet of high quality dried flakes, granules and pellets along with live and frozen fare such as mosquito larvae, brine shrimp, bloodworm, earthworms and artemia. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 23... live in pairs have an interesting method of reproduction and the way in which they protect and care for their eggs and young is a very special sight . ... Rocky Papiliochromis ramirezi or butterfly cichlid itants of the aquarium and. Ramirezi fish: habitat, characteristics and care.. However, breeding this species can be quite complicated. As a result, it is produced on a commercial basis in huge numbers and a number of ornamental strains have been developed including ‘gold’, ‘long-finned’ (both blue and gold forms; also traded as ‘lyre-tail’, ‘veil-tail’ and ‘hi-fin’), ‘electric/neon blue’, ‘super neon blue gold’ ‘pearl/perlmutt’ and ‘balloon’. Getting multiple juveniles and letting them grow together often results in pair bonds. Description Year Name Used: Page: 2220: Post, A., 1965.Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Chromosomenzahlen bei Süßwasser-Teleosteern. Géry (1983, 1986) argued that Microgeophagus sensu Frey (1957) is the oldest available name for the genus, while Allgayer (1985) considered Papiliochromis valid. Ramirezi electric blue or electric blue: its metallic blue coloration is much more predominant than in the wild variants. Once external fertilization occurs, the 100-300 eggs produced by the female adhere to a solid surface, such as the underside of a leaf or a large rock. Others have said German Blue Rams are polygamous and prefer the 'harem' approach. Frozen mosquito larvae, Artemia or Daphnia will delight these aquarium inhabitants. Young male; commercial 'electric/neon blue' strain. Reproduction. Don’t miss it: If you keep these parameters in the normal range, a pair of ramirezis can live in the home environment healthy and happy for 2 to 4 years. However their conclusions regarding interrelationships between genera did vary somewhat from previous hypotheses and can be summarised by the following loosely-defined groups: – a weakly-supported sister group relationship between Acarichthys and Guianacara. 2 (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) Common Ram Chiclid. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) is a small, good looking, peaceful fish. URI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NBO_0000370 Definition: (Bipedal jumping.) Le Black Molly. The average weight of a Ram Cichlid is 0.60-0.70 oz (17-20g). Dans un bac communautaire il faut 60 litres environ pour un couple, bien planté , avec des racines de tourbières et des pierres plates non calcaires. Subadult; commercial 'electric/neon blue' strain. In the hot season the water temperature exceeds 30-32°C, and in January is 22-26°C. Remarks: Rams (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) have been popular in the hobby for decades for their brilliant colors and easy reproduction.They are small cichlids from South America that rarely grow larger than 2". After the first spawn, you can almost guarantee a spawn every month. I place the very small amount that is perhaps only half the size of a pea can be placed into a small container. Tankmates must also be able to manage in the warmer water that this species requires. Inbreeding and selective breeding can take its toll on the specimens in the long run, so consider only buying these variants from reliable breeders. Female Ram breeds also boast a blue shine above the spot . Due to the way they breed it can take years before you can see any eggs and yet have fry all the time. The other main conclusions of the paper are confirmation that Geophaginae is a monophyletic group exhibiting strong signs of having undergone rapid adaptive radiation (diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialised to a specific environmental niche). Reproduction Breeding tank set-up Nutrition parents Mating type Spawning behaviour Breeding habits Hatching period Number of eggs in average Parental care Fry number Nutrition fry Notes on reproduction. I fed them with Tetra Color, but still they are very “feeble”, nonetheless they seem to be healthy. Considered as substrate spawners. Discover Life's page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of Mikrogeophagus ramirezi - Ram Cichlid -- Discover Life These nests can hold between 50 and 250 eggs, although mostly their broods are around 100 eggs. At a volume of 54 litres, the filter we recommend can be found, Other aquarium filters which have been recommended highly by customers in your area can be found, To search for other high quality aquarium heaters in your area, click. 2014: 296 : Distribution: SE Mexico Type locality: Mexico: 1 league N Niltepec, Oaxaca Reproduction: oviparous : Types: Holotype: INHS (= UIMNH) 3767; J. Ramirez; March 6, 1949. Reproduction. The remainder of the egg yolk can be kept in a food container and used for up to a week. Another alternative is one of the brands of the liquid fry food. The classic ‘German Blue’ form, previously considered of good quality, is also now produced in a number of different countries and has suffered as a result. They are not a black-water species, and prefer nice, covering vegetation. Fishing traps, What types are there and how to make a trap for artisanal fish? Its dorsal fin is very prominent in males, and it has 3 very marked initial rays, black in color. Sponsored by . Adult pair; commercial strain. Juveniles are gregarious but once they reach sexual maturity will begin to form pairs of which each will command a territory a couple of feet across when breeding. Reference no. Adult female apparently collected in the rio Purus drainage, Brazil. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Care sheet Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Difficulty: Intermediate Max Size: 2-3 inch / 5-7.5 cm inches / cm Environment: Freshwater Biotope: Blackwater pH: 5.0 to 7.0 Hardness: Very soft - soft Temp: 78-85 ºF / 25.5-29.5 ºC °f / °C Community friendly: Friendly communities Plant friendly: Yes Aquarium size: 20 gallons Diseases: Prone to ich and bloat Reproduction: Substrate Spawner BAP needs YOU! As mentioned previously, they may spawn several times until they get it right. A few drops of water is then added. Select Versions: Check the versions of the page you want to compare and click Compare. . Ideally, it should clean enough so that it is not necessary to change more than 10-15% of the water every week. Female on left. M. ramirezi and other . Inexperienced pairs may eat their brood but often get things right after a few attempts whereas the commercially-produced fish (see ‘Notes’) tend to be of relatively poor quality and may fail to fertilise many of their eggs or simply consume them repeatedly. 3 Blue Ram Ciclhid -Electric Blue. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 213The general rule is that A. ramirezi sticks its eggs on the cleaned part of a stone or plant , in a neat round circular fashion . When spawning has taken place you have to ... Sea Horses have an odd method of reproduction , for the male ... Be sure not to stain water too much.
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